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  2. The number of species with completed genomes, including those with evidence for recent whole genome duplication events has exploded. The recently sequenced Atlantic salmon genome has been through two rounds of...

    Authors: Russell A. Hermansen, Torgeir R. Hvidsten, Simen RĆød Sandve and David A. Liberles
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:11
    Content type: Review Published on:

  3. Endothelial-Mesenchymal-Transition (EndMT) plays an essential role in cardiovascular development, and recently became an attractive therapeutic target based on evidence supporting its involvement in fibrosis a...

    Authors: Mariana T. Pinto, Dimas T. Covas, Simone Kashima and Claudia O. Rodrigues
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:10
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  4. 2ā€™-5ā€™ oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) are interferon inducible enzymes that polymerizes ATP to 2ā€™-5ā€™-linked oligomers of adenylate (2-5As). As part of the innate immune response, these enzymes are activated b...

    Authors: Sushma M. Bhosle, Aisha Hunt and Jaideep Chaudhary
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:9
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. Circular plasmid-mediated homologous recombination is commonly used for marker-less allelic replacement, exploiting the endogenous recombination machinery of the host. Common limitations of existing methods in...

    Authors: Michela Casanova, Lorenzo Pasotti, Susanna Zucca, NicolĆ² Politi, Ilaria Massaiu, Cinzia Calvio, Maria Gabriella Cusella De Angelis and Paolo Magni
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:6
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  9. The ability to introduce site-specific mutations in bacterial pathogens is essential towards understanding their molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity. This has been greatly facilitated by the genetic engineer...

    Authors: Marisa Egan, Jasmine Ramirez, Christian Xander, Chirag Upreti and Shantanu Bhatt
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:3
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  10. One of the most notable recent advances in electron microscopy (EM) was the development of genetically-encoded EM tags, including the fluorescent flavoprotein Mini-SOG (Mini-Singlet Oxygen Generator). Mini-SOG...

    Authors: Marco Man Kin Tsui, Anri Itoh, Mohamed Amgad, Shao-Fang Wang and Toshio Sasaki
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:5
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  11. Lipases are industrial biocatalysts, which are involved in several novel reactions, occurring in aqueous medium as well as non-aqueous medium. Furthermore, they are well-known for their remarkable ability to c...

    Authors: Ashok Kumar, Kartik Dhar, Shamsher Singh Kanwar and Pankaj Kumar Arora
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:2
    Content type: Review Published on:

  12. Tinea pedis (TP) is an infection of the feet caused by fungi. The infectious diseases caused by dermatophytes are mainly related to the enzymes produced by these fungi. Up to the now, the local 8-iso-prostagla...

    Authors: Meral Miraloglu, Ergul Belge Kurutas, Perihan Ozturk and Ozer Arican
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:1
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Target selection for oncology is a crucial step in the successful development of therapeutics. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 editing of specific loci offers an alterna...

    Authors: A. R. Grassian, T. M. E. Scales, S. K. Knutson, K. W. Kuntz, N. J. McCarthy, C. E. Lowe, J. D. Moore, R. A. Copeland, H. Keilhack, J. J. Smith, J. A. Wickenden and S. Ribich
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:15
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  15. Thermal denaturation of probe-target hybrid is highly reproducible, and which makes probe melting point analysis reliable in the detection of mutations, polymorphisms and epigenetic differences in DNA. To impr...

    Authors: Deokhwe Hur, Myoung Sug Kim, Minsik Song, Jinwook Jung and Heekyung Park
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:14
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  16. Mitogen activated protein kinases (MPKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases that contain characteristic T-x-Y motif in the activation loop region. MPKs are important signaling molecules involved in diverse s...

    Authors: Tapan Kumar Mohanta, Nibedita Mohanta, Pratap Parida and Hanhong Bae
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:13
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. Recently, immunotherapy has shown a lot of promise in cancer treatment and different immune cell types are involved in this endeavor. Among different immune cell populations, NK cells are also an important com...

    Authors: Chenyuan Gong, Zhongya Ni, Chao Yao, Xiaowen Zhu, Lulu Ni, Lixin Wang and Shiguo Zhu
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:12
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Osteosarcoma is the most common primary tumor that affects usually children. Due to its cellular complex and osteoid formation it is very difficult to understand the mechanism behind the progressiveness of ost...

    Authors: Reji Manjunathan and Malathi Ragunathan
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:10
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. The genome size of an organism varies from species to species. The C-value paradox enigma is a very complex puzzle with regards to vast diversity in genome sizes in eukaryotes. Here we reported the detailed ge...

    Authors: Tapan Kumar Mohanta and Hanhong Bae
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:8
    Content type: Review Published on:

  23. We have previously established technologies enabling us to engineer the Mycoplasma mycoides genome while cloned in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, followed by genome transplantation into Mycoplasma capricolum

    Authors: Vladimir N Noskov, Li Ma, Stephen Chen and Ray-Yuan Chuang
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:6
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  24. The synthesis of complementary DNA (cDNA) for use in the detection of BCR-ABL1 at the Major Molecular Response (MMR) level is a well-established method used by clinical laboratories world-wide. However, the quali...

    Authors: Jianxiang Chi, Chryso Pierides, Andrie Mitsidou, Andri Miltiadou, Petroula Gerasimou and Paul Costeas
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:4
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  25. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) play an important role in the pathogenesis or progression of numerous diseases. Data regarding the b...

    Authors: Ergul Belge Kurutas, Yakup Gumusalan, Ali Cetinkaya and Ekrem Dogan
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:3
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. For decades, the Vibratome served as a standard laboratory resource for sectioning fresh and fixed tissues. In skilled hands, high quality and consistent fresh unfixed tissue sections can be produced using a V...

    Authors: Hadia M Abdelaal, Hyeon O Kim, Reece Wagstaff, Ryoko Sawahata, Peter J Southern and Pamela J Skinner
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:2
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  28. Trk/Ktr/HKT transporters probably were evolved from simple K+ channels KcsA. HKT transporters, which mediate Na+-uniport or Na+/K+-symport, maintain K+/Na+ homeostasis and increase salinity tolerance, can be clas...

    Authors: Yi Su, Weigui Luo, Wanhuang Lin, Liying Ma and Mohammed Hunayun Kabir
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:1
    Content type: Review Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Biological Procedures Online 2015 17:9

  29. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides. The post-transcriptional regulation is influenced by these lncRNAs by interfering with the microRNA pathways, invo...

    Authors: Jinneng Cao
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:42
    Content type: Review Published on:

    The Expression of Concern to this article has been published in Biological Procedures Online 2016 18:12

  31. Heterogeneity within cell populations is relevant to the onset and progression of disease, as well as development and maintenance of homeostasis. Analysis and understanding of the roles of heterogeneity in bio...

    Authors: Jordan R Yaron, Colleen P Ziegler, Thai H Tran, Honor L Glenn and Deirdre R Meldrum
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:9
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  32. Bioinformatics and biodegradation are two primary scientific fields in applied microbiology and biotechnology. The present review describes development of various bioinformatics tools that may be applied in th...

    Authors: Pankaj Kumar Arora and Hanhong Bae
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:8
    Content type: Review Published on:

  33. Baculoviruses have been genetically modified to express foreign genes under powerful promoters in order to accelerate their speed of killing. In this study a truncated form of cry1Ab gene derived from Bacillus th...

    Authors: Wael El-Menofy, Gamal Osman, Abdulrahman Assaeedi and Mohamed Salama
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:7
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. Cell-based perfusion studies have provided great insight into fluid-sensing mechanisms, such as primary cilia in the renal and vascular systems. However, the intrinsic limitations of in vitro cell culture, such a...

    Authors: Rahul M Prasad, Xingjian Jin, Wissam A AbouAlaiwi and Surya M Nauli
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:6
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  35. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules which regulate gene expression in eukaryotic cells, and are abundant and stable in biofluids such as blood serum and plasma. As such, there has been heightened intere...

    Authors: Thomas C Roberts, Anna M L Coenen-Stass, Corinne A Betts and Matthew J A Wood
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:5
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  36. Utilizing mouse models provides excellent immunological and experimental tools to study oral immune responses. However for functional assays, isolating T lymphocytes from the oral tissues has proved to be chal...

    Authors: Pushpa Pandiyan, Natarajan Bhaskaran, Yifan Zhang and Aaron Weinberg
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:4
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  37. Although genetically engineered cells have been used to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against numerous proteins, no study has used them to generate mAbs against glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-ancho...

    Authors: Jiemiao Hu, Long T Vien, Xueqing Xia, Laura Bover and Shulin Li
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:3
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  38. A peer-reviewed journal would not survive without the generous time and insightful comments of the reviewers, whose efforts often go unrecognized. Biological Procedures Online has been blessed by the support of h...

    Authors: Daniel Shanahan
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:2
    Content type: Reviewer acknowledgement Published on:

  39. DNA methylation plays crucial roles in epigenetic gene regulation in normal development and disease pathogenesis. Efficient and accurate quantification of DNA methylation at single base resolution can greatly ...

    Authors: Yew Kok Lee, Shengnan Jin, Shiwei Duan, Yen Ching Lim, Desmond PY Ng, Xueqin Michelle Lin, George SH Yeo and Chunming Ding
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2014 16:1
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  40. The faithful determination of the concentration and viability of yeast cells is important for biological research as well as industry. To this end, it is important to develop an automated cell counting algorit...

    Authors: Dongpyo Hong, Gwanghee Lee, Neon Cheol Jung and Moongu Jeon
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:13
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  41. Two methods of quantifying Mitomycin C in tumor tissue are explored. A method of ultraviolet-visible absorption microscopy is developed and applied to measure the concentration of Mitomycin C in preserved mous...

    Authors: Lee MacKenzie Fischer, Juan Luis VƔsquez, Julie Gehl, Gregers G Hermann and Niels B Larsen
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:12
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  42. Considerable research is focusing on the surface modification of titanium implants for the treatment of orthopaedic tissue injuries to increase the success of orthopaedic fixations. Chitosan is one of the natu...

    Authors: Ramona Lieder, Mariam Darai, Gissur Ɩrlygsson and Olafur E Sigurjonsson
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:11
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  43. The ZNF706 gene encodes a protein that belongs to the zinc finger family of proteins and was found to be highly expressed in laryngeal cancer, making the structure and function of ZNF706 worthy of investigation. ...

    Authors: Jucimara Colombo, Paola Jocelan Scarin Provazzi, Marilia Freitas Calmon, Lilian Campos Pires, NathƔlia Campos Rodrigues, Paulo Petl Jr, Marcelo AndrƩs Fossey, FƔtima Pereira de Souza, Fernanda Canduri and Paula Rahal
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:10
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Rapid and simultaneous splicing of multiple DNA fragments is frequently required in many recombinant DNA projects. However, former overlap extension PCRs, the most common methods for splicing DNA fragments, ar...

    Authors: Wei-Gui Luo, Hui-Zhen Liu, Wan-Huang Lin, Mohammed Humayun Kabir and Yi Su
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:9
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  45. Inflammatory arthritis is a chronic disease, resulting in synovitis and subchondral and bone area destruction, which can severely affect a patientā€™s quality of life. The most common form of inflammatory arthri...

    Authors: Shu Yang, Anne M Hollister, Elysse A Orchard, Shubnum I Chaudhery, Dmitry V Ostanin, Stephen J Lokitz and J Michael Mathis
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:8
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  46. The library size is critical for selection in evolutionary molecular engineering (directed evolution). Although cDNA display has become a promising in vitro display technology by overcoming the instability of mRN...

    Authors: Yuki Mochizuki, Shigefumi Kumachi, Koichi Nishigaki and Naoto Nemoto
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:7
    Content type: Short report Published on:

  47. The reliability of estimating muscle fiber cross-sectional area (measure of muscle fiber size) and fiber number from only a subset of fibers in rat hindlimb muscle cross-sections has not been systematically ev...

    Authors: Lisa Ceglia, Sathit Niramitmahapanya, Lori L Price, Susan S Harris, Roger A Fielding and Bess Dawson-Hughes
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:6
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  48. Specific applications and modern technologies, like non-invasive prenatal testing, non-invasive cancer diagnostic and next generation sequencing, are currently in the focus of researchers worldwide. These have...

    Authors: Tatiana Sedlackova, Gabriela Repiska, Peter Celec, Tomas Szemes and Gabriel Minarik
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:5
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. TALEs (transcription activator-like effectors) are powerful molecules that have broad applications in genetic and epigenetic manipulations. The simple design of TALEs, coupled with high binding predictability ...

    Authors: Claudia Uhde-Stone, Nilang Gor, Tiffany Chin, Joseph Huang and Biao Lu
    Citation: Biological Procedures Online 2013 15:3
    Content type: Methodology Published on:
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Biological Procedures Online

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