Fig. 3
Effects of R1-MVs on intracellular ROS (fluorescence intensity) in H2O2-treated HaCaT cells. Cells were pretreated with different concentrations of R1-MVs for 12 h followed by treatment with 0.3 mM H2O2 for 12 h. A Intracellular ROS level detected by DCFH-DA using fluorescence microscopy and quantitative analysis using ImageJ software. Scale bar: 50 μm. B Intracellular ROS level measured by DCFH-DA using flow cytometry. ###p < 0.001 vs. control group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, or ***p < 0.001 vs. H2O2-treated group. The data show the mean ± SD (n = 4 samples) of three representative experiments