Table 1 Summary of recent organ-on-chip platforms in cancer research

Lung cancer-on-chip

NCI-H1437

Cancer on-chip real-time monitoring and cytotoxicity evaluation of drug compounds

Real-time assessment rivaled that compare to docetaxel the increasing concentrations of doxorubicin caused higher cell death rate

[152]

Bone-on-a-chip

MC3T3-E1

Bone metastasis

study of breast cancer cells

Observation of breast

cancer bone colonization hallmarks that were previously confirmed only by in vivo experiments

[153]

Liver-on-a-chip

SK-BR

Investigating the roles of breast cancer-derived EVs in liver metastasis

Activation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells by breast cancer-derived EVs caused endothelial to mesenchymal transition and vessel barriers destruction, higher TGFβ1 levels, and upregulation of fibronectin, which facilitates the adhesion of breast cancer cells to the liver microenvironment

[154]

Ahepatocellular carcinoma–bone metastasis-on-a-chip

HepG2, HCC

Analyze the anticancer effects of thymoquinone (TQ) free and encapsulated form on HCC metastasis

The longer period of the inhibitory effect of nanoparticle-encapsulated TQ

[155]

Lung cancer metastasis multi-organ on-chip

16HBE, A549, HUVEC,

WI38, THP-1,

HA-1800, Fob1.19, L-02

Mimicking the in vivo

microenvironment of lung cancer metastasis

Damage of astrocytes, osteocytes, and hepatocytes after cancer cell metastasis and in-vivo experiments validates the performance of metastasis in the designed platform

[156]

Colorectal cancer-on-chip model

Caco2 C2BBe1,HUVEC

Studying the microenvironmental influence on intravasation

CRC-On-Chip provides a human-relevant model system to study early invasive events in cancer

[145]

Heart-breast cancer-on-a-chip

SK-BR-3,

iPSC

Disease modeling and monitoring of cardiotoxicity induced by cancer chemotherapy

The platform will allow early detection and prediction of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in individual patients

[145]

Kidney cancer metastasis-on-a-chip

Caki-1, HepLL

Mimicking the progression of kidney cancer in the liver for predicting treatment efficacy

Platform indicating superior efficacy to free anti-cancer drug (5-FU) in killing Caki-1 cells and a linear anti-cancer relationship between the concentration of 5-FU and the percentage of Caki-1 cells

[157]

Lung cancer-on-a-chip

A549,

HFL1,

HUVEC

Investigating the impact of the interaction between tumor cells and fibroblasts on tumor invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance

A549 co-cultured with HFL1 cells indicating anti-cancer drug resistance, also A549 co-culture with HFL1 and HUVECs revealing that the A549 cells could induce apoptosis or death of endothelial cells

[158]

Heart/Liver cancer on a chip

HepG2, hCMs

Reproducing the side effects of anti-cancer drugs in vitro

Evaluating the cytotoxicity of an anti-cancer drug on cancer cells and normal cardiomyocytes within the device

[159]