Fig. 1

Microbial profiles of the COVID-19-positive and –negative patients. A Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of nasopharyngeal microbial communities in patients with and without SARS-CoV-2. Communities were significantly different between groups, as assessed by PERMANOVA (q = 0.016). B Stacked column plots depicting the average relative abundance of bacterial phyla in COVID-19-positive and -negative patients. C Stacked column plots depicting the average relative abundance of bacterial genera in COVID-19-positive and -negative patients. D Ratio of Proteobacteria-to-Actinobacteria in COVID-19-positive and -negative patients (Mann–Whitney test; p = 0.0002). E Relative abundance and standard deviation of nasopharyngeal genera identified in ANCOM analyses in COVID-19-positive and -negative patients