Table 1 Herbal constituents with possible mechanisms to combat SARS-CoV-2 (Adopted and updated from [75, 76])
From: Insights of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: a current review
| Plant source | Active metabolite (s) | Possible target in SARS-CoV-2 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit and Vegetables | Quercetin | Inhibits 3CLpro and interacts with viral HA protein to inhibit virus entry into the cell | Wu et al. [207]; Nguyen et al. [125]; Ryu et al. [151] |
| Green Chiretta; Andrographis paniculate (Acanthaceae) | Andrographolide | Inhibits 3CLpro and virus-induced activation of RLRs signaling pathway | Yu et al. [216]; Enmozhi et al. [44] |
| Licorice | Glycyrrhizin | Inhibits replication, adsorption, and penetration of the virus | Cinatl et al. [29] |
| Scutellariabaicalensis Georgi.(Lamiaceae) | Baicalin | Inhibits 3CLpro and HIV-1 Env protein-mediated fusion with cells expressing CD4/CXCR4 or CD4/CCR5 | Su et al. [171]; Li et al. [104] |
| Mint or deadnettle; Patchouli spp. (Lamiaceae) | Patchouli alcohol | Inhibits activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways to block viral infection and replication | Yu et al. [217] |
| Vegetables and fruits such as celery, parsley, broccoli, onion leaves, carrots, peppers, cabbages, apple skins, and Chrysanthemum flowers | Luteolin | Inhibits 3CLpro and the expression of the coat protein I complex and interferes with viral replication at an early stage of infection | Ryu et al. [151]; Yan et al. [212] |
| Citrus fruits such as oranges and tangerines | Hesperidin | Inhibits 3CLpro | Lin et al. [111]; Joshi et al. [85] |
| Rhubarb, Buckthorn, Aloe, Japanese knotweed and many species of fungi. | Emodin | Blocks the SARS-CoV spike protein and ACE2 interaction and inhibits 3a protein to reduces virus release | Ho et al. [71]; Schwarz et al. [160] |
| Grapes, wine, grape juice, peanuts, cocoa, and berries of Vaccinium spp.including blueberries, bilberries and cranberries | Resveratrol | Inhibits RNA and nucleocapsid expression | Lin et al. [112] |
| Grapes, tomatoes, broccoli, tea, and Ginkgo biloba leaves | Kaempferol | Inhibits 3a channel protein | Schwarz et al. [159] |
| Grains, nuts, seeds, vegetables, and drinks such as tea, coffee or wine | Lignan | Inhibits virus replication and 3CLpro | Wen et al. [196] |
| The bark of several species of plants principally the white birch | Betulinic acid | Inhibits virus replication and 3CLpro | Wen et al. [196] |
| Salvia spp. | Tanshinone | Inhibits 3CLpro and PLpro | Park et al. [128] |
| The root of the Asian medicinal plantSalvia spp. | Cryptotanshinone | Inhibits 3CLpro and PLpro | Park et al. [128] |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Chinese sage, red sage root, and the Chinese herbal;Danshen) | Dihydrotanshinone I | Inhibits 3CLpro and PLpro [128] | Park et al. [128] |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Chinese sage, red sage root, and the Chinese herbal;Danshen) | Tanshinone IIA | Inhibits 3CLpro and PLpro | Park et al. [128] |
| Turmeric; Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) | Curcumin | Inhibits virus replication and 3CLpro | Wen et al. [196] |
| Died root of the Lithospermumerythrorhizon (Boraginaceae), Alkannatinctorial (Boraginaceae) | Shikonin | Inhibits 3CLpro | Jin et al. [84] |
| Sophora spp. (Fabaceae) | Matrine | Improves abnormal laboratory parameters and clinical symptoms inpatients, and significantly shortens the time to nucleic acid conversion | Yang et al. [213] |