Table 1 Comparisons of demographic and laboratory data among T2DM, DN and healthy individuals

Age (years)

Female

52.20 ± 2.16

53.00 ± 6.78

53.00 ± 3.80

Male

55.00 ± 4.47

54.40 ± 3.91

52.40 ± 2.40

BMI (kg/m²)

23.20 ± 1.30

22.98 ± 2.32

22.40 ± 1.51

DM duration, years

18.40 ± 2.30

20.40 ± 3.91

None

Hypertension

8/20

17/20

None

Retinopathy

8/20

14/20

None

Uremia

1/20

19/20

None

Microalbuminuria

None

3/20

None

Proteinuria

None

16/20

None

GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

100.29 ± 13.59*

43.68 ± 10.29*

116.80 ± 12.31*

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

63.5 ± 9.5*

65.3 ± 6.0*

31.8 ± 5.6

FBG (mmol/L)

8.8 ± 0.4*

7.0 ± 0.5*

4.9 ± 0.9

Serum creatinine (micromol/L)

Female

123.6 ± 6.15

145.5 ± 8.1

77.4 ± 7.4

Male

137.7 ± 9.15**

163.6 ± 24.3**

105.1 ± 6.9**